What does Article III establish?

Article III of the United States Constitution is fundamentally important as it establishes the judicial branch of the federal government. This article lays the foundation for the federal judiciary by defining its structure, jurisdiction, and the appointment of judges. It specifies that the judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court and in such inferior courts as Congress may from time to time ordain and establish.

Furthermore, it outlines the scope of judicial power, including cases arising under the Constitution, federal laws, treaties, and disputes between states or citizens of different states. By delineating these powers and responsibilities, Article III solidifies the role of the judiciary in maintaining the rule of law and ensuring justice within the federal system. The protections for judges, including lifetime appointments and prohibitions against salary reduction during their tenure, are also crucial for judicial independence.

This foundational role of Article III indicates that it is vital to the organization and operation of the federal judiciary, which is distinct from the powers and responsibilities of the other branches of government as outlined in separate articles.