What does the phrase "checks and balances" refer to?

The phrase "checks and balances" refers to a fundamental principle of the U.S. government designed to prevent any one branch from gaining excessive power. This system divides government responsibilities among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, allowing each branch to have specific powers and responsibilities. Importantly, each branch has the authority to check the powers of the others, ensuring that no single branch can dominate the government.

For example, while the legislative branch makes laws, the executive branch can veto them, and the judicial branch can declare laws unconstitutional. This mutual oversight creates a balance that helps maintain the rule of law and protects individual rights. By distributing power in such a way, the checks and balances system fosters accountability and prevents tyranny, a key concern of the Founding Fathers when crafting the Constitution.

This system is distinct from the other choices, as it does not directly pertain to tax limitations, the election of officials, or law enforcement methods. Instead, it specifically captures the essence of inter-branch relationships meant to foster a functioning democracy.