What type of issues do federal courts generally avoid addressing?

Federal courts generally avoid addressing political questions that are considered non-justiciable because these issues are deemed to be better suited for resolution by the legislative or executive branches of government rather than the judicial system. Non-justiciable political questions often involve matters of public policy, the allocation of governmental powers, or issues that require political solutions rather than legal adjudication. The rationale behind this is rooted in the principle of separation of powers, where each branch of government has its own distinct roles and responsibilities, and courts typically refrain from intervening in areas where there is a lack of legal standards to apply or where there is an inherent political nature to the issue.

The other options involve matters that are traditionally within the scope of judicial authority, such as criminal cases, interstate disputes, and cases involving federal employees, making them appropriate for federal courts to address.